Symptom

Toothache

Find out what causes toothache, how dentists diagnose and treat it, and when you should see a dentist urgently or go to A&E for further help.

Toothache is pain in or around a tooth, which can range from a mild ache to severe, throbbing pain. It's usually caused by tooth decay, but it can also come from gum disease, an injury, or problems with the tissues around your teeth and jaw.

What are the common causes of toothache?

Toothache has several common causes, most linked to your teeth, gums or jaw.

  • Tooth decay – the most common cause, where acid from bacteria in plaque wears away at your tooth
  • A dental abscess – a build-up of pus caused by infection
  • A cracked or damaged tooth
  • A loose or broken filling
  • A tooth that hasn't fully come through, such as a wisdom tooth, and doesn't have enough room
  • Problems with braces
  • Gum disease
  • Grinding your teeth
  • Sensitive teeth.

Occasionally, pain that feels like it's coming from your teeth is actually from somewhere else, such as sinusitis (which can cause pain around your upper jaw) or a problem with the joint that connects your jaw to your skull.

Are there different types of toothache?

Toothache can feel different depending on what's causing it, and this can offer some clues, though only a dentist can confirm the cause.

  • A dull ache that doesn't go away – often linked to general sensitivity or early decay
  • Sharp, jabbing pain – can come on suddenly, for example with a cracked tooth or when biting
  • Throbbing pain – often means the nerve inside your tooth (the pulp) is inflamed or infected
  • Pain along with a bad taste, swelling, or a fever – can be a sign of infection or a dental abscess.

How is toothache diagnosed?

Your dentist will ask about your symptoms and examine your mouth, teeth and jaw:

  • Physical examination: Looking at your teeth, gums, and the affected area
  • A dental X-ray: To check for problems beneath your gums or inside your tooth, such as decay, infection or damage to the root.

If your toothache is caused by something other than your teeth, such as sinusitis, you may need to see a GP instead, though a dentist can usually help you work out which it is.

How is toothache treated?

Treatment depends on what's causing the pain.

  • Tooth decay: The decayed area is removed and replaced with a filling
  • A loose or broken filling: The old filling is removed, any decay is treated, and a new filling is put in place
  • An infected tooth pulp: You may need root canal treatment (removing the infected pulp from inside the tooth)
  • A dental abscess: May need draining, along with antibiotics if the infection has spread
  • A severely damaged or decayed tooth: This may need to be removed.

While you're waiting to see a dentist, painkillers such as ibuprofen or paracetamol can help (children under 16 should not take aspirin); ask a pharmacist for advice if you're unsure. A pain-relieving gel from a pharmacy, rinsing with warm salt water, and sticking to soft foods can also help in the meantime.

When should I see a dentist?

See a dentist if you have toothache:

  • that lasts more than 2 days
  • that does not go away when you take painkillers
  • with a high temperature, pain when you bite, red gums or a bad taste in your mouth
  • and your cheek or jaw is swollen.

Go to A&E if you have toothache and:

  • the area around your eye or your neck is swollen
  • swelling in your mouth or neck is making it difficult for you to breathe, swallow or speak.

FAQs

  • Why does my toothache get worse at night?

    Toothache can feel worse when you're lying down, as blood flow to your head increases, which can add pressure inside an already inflamed or infected tooth. It's still the same underlying problem, so it's worth seeing a dentist rather than just managing the nights.

  • Can I go to my GP for toothache?

    No, GPs are not able to give dental treatment, so you should see a dentist instead. If you don't have a dentist or can't get an emergency appointment, call 111 or use 111 online for advice.

  • What happens if I leave toothache from decay untreated?

    If decay reaches the nerve inside your tooth, it can cause severe, constant pain, and the nerve tissue can eventually die and form a dental abscess. At that point, the only treatment options are root canal treatment or removing the tooth, so it's best not to wait.

  • Are home remedies like salt water or clove oil enough to treat toothache?

    They can ease pain temporarily while you wait for an appointment, but they don't treat the underlying cause. If your toothache lasts more than 2 days or keeps coming back, you still need to see a dentist.

  • How can I prevent toothache?

    Regular dental check-ups, brushing your teeth twice a day for about 2 minutes with a fluoride toothpaste, cleaning between your teeth daily, and cutting down on sugary food and drinks are the best ways to prevent toothache.